Development of Ubiquitous Project-Based Learning (U-Pjbl) Model to Improve Critical Thinking Skills of Elementary School Students

Abstract

In an era of rapid technological advancement, educational models must evolve to meet the ever-changing needs of students. Primary school students, being digital natives, require innovative learning approaches that integrate technology and promote essential skills, such as critical thinking. This study aimed to develop a Ubiquitous Project-based Learning (U-PjBL) model to enhance the critical thinking skills of elementary school students. The Borg and Gall study method and development model was adopted and validation testing was conducted to validate U-PjBL. The validation instrument referred to the characteristics of the learning model, including supporting theory aspects, syntax, reaction principles, social and support systems, as well as instructional and accompanying impact. Furthermore, the reliability of the U-PjBL model validation instrument was based on interobserver agreement obtained from the statistical analysis percentage. A t-test was used to examine and scrutinise the trial results generated by the model. Based on expert validation, U-PjBL was consistent with the characteristics of the learning model. Therefore, the developed U-PjBL model falls into the highly valid category. This means that the model can be used in learning activities. The trial results also showed that the developed U-PjBL model could improve the critical thinking skills of students.